---
title: Snapshots & Time Travel
slug: guides/snapshots-and-time-travel
public: true
category: guides
template: guide
order: 9
description: Recipes for the Db API — instant backups with persist(), restore, time-travel debugging with asOf(), persist-before-migrate, what-if analysis with with(), and audit trails via transaction metadata.
next:
  - concepts/consistency-model
  - guides/optimistic-concurrency
---

# Snapshots & Time Travel

Brainy 8.0 treats the database as a **value**: `brain.now()` pins the
current state as an immutable `Db`, `brain.transact()` commits an atomic
batch and hands you the resulting value, `brain.asOf()` opens past state,
and `db.persist()` cuts a self-contained snapshot. This guide is the recipe
book. The precise guarantees behind every recipe live in the
[consistency model](../concepts/consistency-model.md).

## Instant backup

Pin the current state, persist it, release:

```typescript
const db = brain.now()
try {
  await db.persist('/backups/2026-06-11')
} finally {
  await db.release()
}
```

On filesystem storage the snapshot is built from **hard links**: every data
file in Brainy is immutable-by-rename, so the snapshot is created without
copying entity data and shares disk space with the live store. Later writes
can never alter it — a rewrite swaps the inode, the snapshot keeps the old
bytes. Cross-device targets fall back to per-file byte copies, and
persisting an in-memory brain serializes it to the same directory layout —
a real, durable store.

Two things to know:

- `persist()` requires the view to still be the store's **latest**
  generation. If something committed after your pin, it throws
  `GenerationConflictError` instead of snapshotting the wrong state — pin
  and persist before further writes, or retry with a fresh `brain.now()`.
- The target directory must be empty or absent.

For scheduled backups, this loop is the whole job:

```typescript
const db = brain.now()
try {
  await db.persist(`/backups/${new Date().toISOString().slice(0, 10)}`)
} finally {
  await db.release()
}
```

## Restore

`restore()` replaces the store's **entire** current state from a snapshot —
entities, relationships, indexes, history. It is deliberately loud about it:

```typescript
await brain.restore('/backups/2026-06-11', { confirm: true })
```

- `{ confirm: true }` is mandatory — current state is destroyed.
- The snapshot is copied in (never linked), so it stays independent and can
  be restored again later.
- All indexes are rebuilt from the restored records.
- The generation counter is floored at its pre-restore value, so generation
  numbers you observed before the restore are never reissued.
- Live `Db` pins do not survive a restore — release them first.

## Open a snapshot read-only

You do not have to restore to look inside a snapshot. `Brainy.load()` opens
it as a self-contained read-only store with the **full query surface**,
including vector search:

```typescript
const db = await Brainy.load('/backups/2026-06-11')

const hits = await db.search('unpaid invoices from the spring campaign')
const orders = await db.find({ type: NounType.Document, subtype: 'order' })

await db.release()   // closes the underlying read-only instance
```

`brain.asOf('/backups/2026-06-11')` does the same from an existing brain.
This is also the 8.0 answer to "named branches": a branch is a name → path
mapping your application keeps, where each path is a persisted snapshot.
Need a writable copy? Restore the snapshot into a fresh data directory and
open a writer on it — instead of switching a shared store between branches
in place, every line of code always sees exactly the store it opened.

## Time-travel debugging

When production data looks wrong, query the past directly — by wall-clock
time or by generation:

```typescript
// What did this order look like yesterday?
const yesterday = await brain.asOf(new Date(Date.now() - 86_400_000))
const before = await yesterday.get(orderId)

// Full queries work at any reachable generation — search, graph, filters:
const thenActive = await yesterday.find({
  type: NounType.Document,
  subtype: 'order',
  where: { status: 'active' }
})

await yesterday.release()
```

Pin two points in time and diff them:

```typescript
const before = await brain.asOf(1041)
const after = brain.now()

const changed = await after.since(before)
changed.nouns   // entity ids touched by transactions in between
changed.verbs   // relationship ids touched in between

await before.release()
await after.release()
```

Three things to remember:

- History granularity is `transact()` commits — single-operation writes
  advance the clock but do not produce historical records (see the
  [consistency model](../concepts/consistency-model.md)). Use `transact()`
  for writes you want to travel back through.
- The first index-accelerated query (semantic search, traversal, cursors,
  aggregation) at a historical generation builds an in-memory index
  materialization — O(n at that generation), once per `Db`, freed on
  `release()`. Metadata-level reads are free.
- Generations reclaimed by `compactHistory()` throw
  `GenerationCompactedError` — persist anything you need to keep forever.

## Safe schema migration

`brain.migrate()` integrates with snapshots directly: pass `backupTo` and a
hard-link snapshot of the current generation is persisted **before any
transform runs**:

```typescript
const result = await brain.migrate({ backupTo: '/backups/pre-migration-8.0' })
console.log(result.migrationsApplied, result.backupPath)

// If the migration went wrong, roll the whole store back:
await brain.restore('/backups/pre-migration-8.0', { confirm: true })
```

The same persist-before-mutate pattern works for any risky bulk operation,
not just migrations:

```typescript
const pin = brain.now()
try {
  await pin.persist('/backups/pre-bulk-edit')
} finally {
  await pin.release()
}
await runRiskyBulkEdit(brain)
```

## What-if analysis

`db.with(ops)` applies a transaction **speculatively, in memory** — nothing
touches disk, the generation counter, or the indexes. Ask "what would the
store look like if…", then commit the same operations for real:

```typescript
const ops = [
  { op: 'update', id: employeeId, metadata: { team: 'platform' } },
  { op: 'relate', from: employeeId, to: milestoneId, type: VerbType.ParticipatesIn, subtype: 'assignment' }
]

const base = brain.now()
const whatIf = await base.with(ops)

await whatIf.get(employeeId)                          // sees the change
await whatIf.find({ where: { team: 'platform' } })    // metadata finds work
await whatIf.related(employeeId)                      // overlay relations included

await whatIf.release()
await base.release()

// Looks right — make it real, atomically:
await brain.transact(ops)
```

**The boundary:** speculative entities carry no embeddings (`with()` never
invokes the embedder), so semantic search, traversal, cursors, aggregation,
and `persist()` throw `SpeculativeOverlayError` on overlay views instead of
returning silently incomplete results. `get()`, metadata-filter `find()`,
and filter-based `related()` are fully supported. Overlays chain — calling
`with()` on an overlay stacks another layer.

## Audit trails

`transact()` reifies transaction metadata: whatever you pass as `meta` is
recorded durably alongside the committed generation and timestamp, readable
via `brain.transactionLog()`:

```typescript
await brain.transact(
  [{ op: 'update', id: invoiceId, metadata: { status: 'approved' } }],
  { meta: { author: 'approvals-service', actor: 'jane@example.com', reason: 'PO-7741' } }
)

const log = await brain.transactionLog({ limit: 20 })   // newest first
// [{ generation: 1042, timestamp: 1765432100000, meta: { author: 'approvals-service', ... } }]
```

Combine the log with `asOf()` to reconstruct exactly what any transaction
did:

```typescript
const [entry] = await brain.transactionLog({ limit: 1 })

const after = await brain.asOf(entry.generation)
const before = await brain.asOf(entry.generation - 1)

const touched = await after.since(before)
for (const id of touched.nouns) {
  console.log(id, await before.get(id), '→', await after.get(id))
}

await before.release()
await after.release()
```

For per-entity write coordination (rather than whole-store history), the
`_rev` counter and `ifRev` CAS remain the right tool — see
[optimistic concurrency](./optimistic-concurrency.md).

## Keeping history bounded

Historical records cost disk space. Reclaim what no live pin protects:

```typescript
await brain.compactHistory({
  retainGenerations: 100,            // keep the 100 most recent commits
  retainMs: 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000  // and everything from the last 7 days
})
```

Compaction never breaks a pinned read — record-sets are reclaimed only when
no live `Db` could need them. Release views you are done with (including the
ones `transact()` returns), and `persist()` any generation you want to keep
beyond the retention window: snapshots are self-contained and unaffected by
compaction.

## From branches to values

If you used the pre-8.0 `fork`/`checkout`/`commit`/`versions` surface, every
use case maps to a sharper tool:

| Pre-8.0 habit | 8.0 recipe |
|---|---|
| `fork()` to experiment safely | `db.with(ops)` for speculation in memory; a restored snapshot in a fresh directory for a long-lived writable copy |
| `commit()` checkpoints | `transact(ops, { meta })` — every batch is an atomic, logged, time-travelable commit |
| `checkout()` to switch branches | Open the snapshot you want — `Brainy.load(path)` read-only, or restore into its own directory. No in-place switching: every handle always sees one unambiguous store. |
| `getHistory()` | `brain.transactionLog()` + `db.since(priorDb)` |
| `versions.save()` per-entity snapshots | A pinned `Db` or persisted snapshot captures *every* entity at that moment; `asOf()` reads any entity's past state |
| `versions.restore()` | `brain.restore(snapshot, { confirm: true })` for the whole store, or read the old entity via `asOf()` and write it back with `transact()` |
| Backup branches | `db.persist(path)` — instant, hard-link-shared, self-contained |