---
title: Storage Adapters
slug: guides/storage-adapters
public: true
category: guides
template: guide
order: 2
description: "Two adapters cover every deployment: in-memory for tests + ephemeral workloads, filesystem for everything that needs to persist. Both support copy-on-write branching. Cloud backup is operator tooling, not a built-in adapter."
next:
  - guides/plugins
  - concepts/zero-config
---

# Storage Adapters

Brainy 8.0 ships **two storage adapters**:

- **`FileSystemStorage`** — persistent on-disk storage. The default for any
  deployment that needs to survive a restart. Runs on Node.js, Bun, and Deno.
- **`MemoryStorage`** — in-memory only. The right choice for tests, ephemeral
  workloads, and short-lived demos.

Both implement the same `StorageAdapter` interface, support copy-on-write
branching, and use the same on-disk layout (memory's "disk" is a JS Map).

## Quick start

```ts
import { Brainy } from '@soulcraft/brainy'

// Filesystem (recommended for any persistent workload):
const brain = new Brainy({
  storage: { type: 'filesystem', rootDirectory: './brainy-data' }
})

// Memory (tests, ephemeral):
const brainMem = new Brainy({ storage: { type: 'memory' } })

// Auto-detect (filesystem on Node-like runtimes, memory in browsers):
const brainAuto = new Brainy({ storage: { type: 'auto' } })
```

## When to use which

| Use case | Adapter | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Production app | `filesystem` | Durable, branchable, mmap-able |
| Tests, CI | `memory` | No disk teardown; fast |
| Short-lived data pipeline | `memory` | No persistence needed |
| In-browser demo | `memory` | Filesystem unavailable in browsers |
| Cloud deployment | `filesystem` on local disk + operator backup | See "Cloud backup" below |

## Cloud backup — operator tooling, not a built-in

Brainy 8.0 deliberately ships **no cloud storage adapters**. Cloud backup is
handled at the operator layer with standard tooling, the same pattern every
production database uses (Postgres, SQLite, Redis):

```bash
# After a brainy flush, sync the on-disk artefact to your cloud of choice.
gsutil rsync -r /var/lib/brainy gs://my-backup-bucket/brainy/
# or:
aws s3 sync /var/lib/brainy s3://my-backup-bucket/brainy/
# or:
rclone sync /var/lib/brainy remote:brainy-backups/
# or:
azcopy sync /var/lib/brainy "https://account.blob.core.windows.net/brainy?sv=..."
```

Brainy's filesystem layout is sync-friendly:
- Atomic writes (temp + rename) — readers never see torn files
- Per-shard files — `rsync`-style incremental sync works well
- Content-addressed blobs (`_blobs/`) — immutable, cache-friendly
- Branch refs live under `_cow/` — pick up branches automatically

For point-in-time backups, take a filesystem snapshot (ZFS, btrfs, LVM, EBS,
etc.) or use `brain.persist(path)` to write a self-contained snapshot you
can sync independently of the live brain.

## Why no cloud adapters in 8.0?

Cloud storage adapters lived in Brainy 4.x-7.x. They were dropped in 8.0
per **BR-BRAINY-80-STORAGE-SIMPLIFY** because:

- Zero production consumers used them at scale. Every Soulcraft consumer
  ran on local filesystem.
- Cloud-storage HNSW / DiskANN doesn't perform — vector indexes need
  low-latency random reads that S3 / GCS / R2 / Azure can't provide
  consistently.
- Bundling cloud SDKs into the library cost ~3000-5000 LOC + 4-7 transitive
  dependencies for a feature nobody used.
- Cloud backup via operator tooling is strictly more reliable than in-app
  upload (better retry semantics, better observability, better cost control).

Brainy 8.0 is smaller, faster to install, and clearer about what it does.

## Configuration

```ts
interface StorageOptions {
  // The adapter type. Defaults to 'auto'.
  type?: 'auto' | 'memory' | 'filesystem'

  // Force a specific adapter regardless of type.
  forceMemoryStorage?: boolean
  forceFileSystemStorage?: boolean

  // Filesystem only.
  rootDirectory?: string

  // COW branch to open. Defaults to 'main'.
  branch?: string

  // COW compression toggle. Defaults to true.
  enableCompression?: boolean
}
```

## Direct construction

If you want to skip the factory:

```ts
import { FileSystemStorage, MemoryStorage } from '@soulcraft/brainy'

const fsStorage = new FileSystemStorage('./brainy-data')
const memStorage = new MemoryStorage()

const brain = new Brainy({ storage: fsStorage })
```

## Migration from 7.x cloud adapters

7.x consumers of `OPFSStorage`, `GcsStorage`, `R2Storage`, `S3CompatibleStorage`,
or `AzureBlobStorage` need to migrate to `FileSystemStorage` plus operator
backup tooling. The recipe:

1. On the host running Brainy, mount a local disk (NVMe recommended). Cloud
   providers all expose persistent local disks: GCP Persistent Disk, AWS EBS,
   Azure Managed Disks.
2. Set `storage: { type: 'filesystem', rootDirectory: '/mnt/brainy-data' }`.
3. Run your existing data import once into the new local store.
4. Set up an operator backup job using `gsutil` / `aws s3` / `rclone` /
   `azcopy` on a cron — hourly or whatever your RPO requires. Point it at
   the brainy data dir.
5. For point-in-time backups, use filesystem snapshots or `brain.persist()`.

Same data, same APIs, no library-side cloud code.